Autor clínico

Dr. Carlos Vera Salerno

Formación en Medicina Materno-Fetal. Metodología FMF/Nicolaides y guías: ACOG, FIGO, NICE, IADPSG, ATA, WHO, EBCOG, Medicina Fetal Barcelona.

• Título de grado Médico y Cirujano (Paraguay) con homologación al título de grado español Licenciado en Medicina.
• Especialista en Ginecología y Obstetricia.
• Postgrados en Ecografía General y Gineco-Obstétrica, Endocrinología Ginecológica y Reproductiva, Didáctica en Educación Superior y Salud Pública.
• Formación en Inteligencia Artificial y herramientas digitales emergentes aplicadas a la práctica profesional.
• Capacitador Nacional en Salud Sexual y Reproductiva, Código Rojo y Atención Prenatal.
• Miembro del Comité Técnico Nacional de Inmunización (Paraguay).
• Docente universitario de grado y posgrado en Ginecología y Obstetricia, Ecografía, Endocrinología Ginecológica y Reproductiva.
• Miembro del Comité Científico de FLASOG (2024–2026).
• Miembro de Sociedades Científicas en Paraguay (FPGO, SOGON, SOGIA, SODIAP y SEGIRP).
• Presidente de la FPGO (2023–2026).

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Referencias bibliográficas

Fuentes citadas a lo largo de las guías de referencia de esta Historia Clínica.

1. Centro Latinoamericano de Perinatología (CLAP) – OPS/OMS. Historia Clínica Perinatal.
2. World Health Organization (WHO). WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience. 2016.
3. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (MSPyBS), Paraguay. Guía Nacional de Atención Prenatal. 2022.
4. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Practice Bulletins.
5. International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Safe Motherhood Guidelines.
6. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Antenatal care. NG201. 2021.
7. American Thyroid Association (ATA). Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy. 2017.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Maternal Immunization Guidelines.
9. Federación Latinoamericana de Sociedades de Obstetricia y Ginecología (FLASOG).
10. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews — suplementación en el embarazo (calcio, hierro, ácido fólico).
11. Figueras F. Update on the diagnosis and classification of fetal growth restriction and proposal of a stage-based management protocol. Fetal Diagn Ther. EJOGR, 2008.
12. Medicina Fetal Barcelona. Protocolo de crecimiento fetal — noviembre 2024.
13. ISUOG. Delphi Consensus on the definition of fetal growth restriction. 2020.
14. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (MSPyBS), Paraguay. Guías Nacionales de Prevención de Cáncer de Cuello Uterino. Decreto N° 238/2024.
15. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Practice Bulletin 179 — Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Screening in Average-Risk Women (actualización 2024).
16. International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP). Classification, diagnosis and management recommendations for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. 2021.
17. Council on Patient Safety in Women's Health Care. Consensus Bundle on Severe Hypertension in Pregnancy and Postpartum. 2017.
18. American Heart Association / American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) — marcos de manejo de lípidos · National Lipid Association. 2024.
19. Ministerio de Salud (MINSAL), Chile. Guía Perinatal — Colestasis Intrahepática del Embarazo. 2015.
20. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy — Green-top Guideline. 2024.
21. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SFMFM) — recomendaciones sobre colestasis intrahepática del embarazo.
22. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) — guías sobre enfermedad hepática colestásica.
23. Williamson C, et al. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. The Lancet. 2018.
24. Ovadia C, et al. Association of adverse perinatal outcomes with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. The Lancet. 2019.
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines. 2021.
26. Monif GRG. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology — Clasificación de Enfermedad Inflamatoria Pélvica.
27. Teede H, et al. Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Monash University.
28. Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. 2004.
29. Van den Bosch T, et al. Terms, definitions and measurements for describing sonographic features of myometrium and uterine masses (MUSA Consensus). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015.
30. ESHRE Guideline: Endometriosis. European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. 2022.
31. Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Fraser IS, FIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee. The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2018.
32. Persu C, et al. Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System (POP-Q). 2011.
33. International Continence Society / International Consultation on Incontinence (ICI-ICS) Guidelines. 2017.
34. American Urological Association / Society of Urodynamics (AUA/SUFU). Guidelines on Stress Urinary Incontinence y Overactive Bladder. 2015/2023.
35. The North American Menopause Society (NAMS). Position Statement on Hormone Therapy. 2022.
36. Heinemann LAJ, et al. The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2004.
37. National Osteoporosis Foundation / Bone Health & Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF/BHOF). Clinician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. 2022.
38. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE/ACE). Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Guidelines. 2020.
39. World Health Organization (WHO). Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. 5ª ed. 2015.
40. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. 2016.
41. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Committee Opinion No. 736. 2018.
42. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). Current evaluation of amenorrhea. Fertility and Sterility. 2015.
43. AACE/ACE Clinical Practice Guidelines for Comprehensive Medical Care of Patients with Obesity.
44. Endocrine Society. Practice Guideline on Pharmacological Management of Obesity.
45. FIGO Statement on Obesity in Pregnancy and Reproductive Health.
46. SURMOUNT y STEP Clinical Trial Studies (Semaglutida y Tirzepatida).
47. International Society for the Study of Women's Sexual Health (ISSWSH). Consensus Guidelines on Testosterone Therapy for Women. 2019.
48. The North American Menopause Society (NAMS). Position Statement on the Management of Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. 2020.
49. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Committee Opinion No. 141. 2019.
50. Speroff L, Fritz MA. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 9ª ed. 2019.
51. Mihm M, Gangooly S, Muttukrishna S. The normal menstrual cycle in women. Animal Reproduction Science. 2011.
52. ASRM Committee Opinion — Female Infertility Evaluation. 2021.
53. World Health Organization (WHO). Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen. 6ª ed. 2021.
54. ASRM/ESHRE Guidelines on Male Infertility Workup.
55. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Folic Acid Supplementation Recommendation Statement. 2023.
56. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Committee Opinion No. 762. 2019.
57. World Health Organization (WHO). Guideline for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infertility. 2025.
58. ASRM Committee Opinion — Use of clomiphene citrate and letrozole for ovulation induction. Fertility and Sterility. 2020.
59. ESHRE Guideline: Ovulation Induction in PCOS. 2023.
60. Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Melmed S, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperprolactinemia. 2011.
61. Vilar L, et al. Management of prolactinomas. Neuroendocrinology. 2019.
62. Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease. 2020.
63. Bhatla N, Aoki D, Sharma DN, Sankaranarayanan R. Cancer of the cervix uteri: 2021 update — FIGO Guidelines. 2021.
64. American College of Radiology (ACR). BI-RADS Atlas. 5ª ed. 2013.
65. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Practice Bulletin No. 223. 2020.
66. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Breast Cancer Screening Recommendation. 2024.
67. Andreotti RF, et al. O-RADS US Risk Stratification and Management System. ACR. 2020.
68. Timmerman D, et al. IOTA Group Simple Rules Consensus. 2008 y 2016.
69. ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESR Consensus Statements on Preoperative Diagnosis of Ovarian Tumors. 2021.
70. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 171 — Management of Preterm Labor. 2016 (reafirmado 2020).
71. NICE Guideline NG25 — Preterm labour and birth. 2019 (actualizado 2022).
72. FIGO Recommendations on Preterm Birth. 2021.
73. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 217 — Prelabor Rupture of Membranes. 2020.
74. FIGO Guidelines on PROM Management. 2021.
75. Cowles T, et al. Comparison of Indigo Carmine and Methylene Blue dye for amniocentesis dye test. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1993.
76. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189 — Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy. 2018 (reafirmado 2021).
77. Koren G, et al. Validation of the Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis (PUQE) scoring system. 2002, 2005.
78. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Green-top Guideline No. 69 — Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy and Hyperemesis Gravidarum. 2016.
79. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: Ultrasound assessment of fetal biometry and growth. 2024.
80. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) Consult Series #46 — Oligohydramnios. 2018.
81. ACOG Clinical Consensus No. 3 — General Approaches to Medical Management of Polyhydramnios. 2022.
82. Carel JP, et al. Consensus statement on the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children. 2009 (reafirmado 2020).
83. Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES) Guidelines.
84. Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social (MSPyBS Paraguay). Manual de Atención Integral a Víctimas de Violencia Sexual y de Género.
85. CDC Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines: Sexual Assault Protocols. 2021.
86. World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for Medico-Legal Care for Victims of Sexual Violence.

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